实验室2004-2006年度重大成果及研究成果水平和影响

成果名称

内陆河流域生态经济学生态水文学基础理论研究

完成人

程国栋、徐中民、赵文智、张志强、巩增泰、张  勃、苏培玺、肖洪浪、龙爱华、陈东景、张志斌、何志斌、石惠春

完成单位

中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所、中国科学院资源环境科学信息中心、西北师范大学

发表形式

2003年度甘肃省科技进步一等奖

主要内容

该项目属地球科学和资源环境学科领域，主要涉及人文地理学和自然地理学领域。内陆河流域是水-生态-经济复合系统，水资源是纽带，经济发展是基础，生态环境是保障。复合生态经济系统的可持续发展管理需要创新流域管理理论。该项目以任务带学科，从生态经济学和生态水文学这两门新兴交叉学科的新视角，研究内陆河流域水-生态-经济复杂耦合关系，并以典型内陆河流域——黑河流域为例，以水资源为主线，在理论上建立了生态经济学和生态水文学的学科体系和研究框架。在实践上以解决了典型内陆河流域社会经济和生态环境建设迫切需要解决的可持续发展的定量评估、生态系统服务价值及其评估、水资源可持续利用分析框架、生态环境需水理论、区域生态过程的生态水文学机理等问题。研究成果的显著特点是用定量分析的方法解决了复杂的水-生态-经济系统中诸多难以定量的耦合问题，是以应用为目的、以管理为导向的基础理论研究。

创新点

本项目发展的生态经济学和生态水文学是解决内陆河流域与水有关的可持续发展问题的新理论工具。

成果名称

黑河流域水问题与水管理的初步研究

完成人

肖洪浪，程国栋

完成单位

中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 临泽内陆河流域综合研究站

发表形式

中国沙漠, J0URNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2006年01期：1-5

主要内容

水资源已从自然资源跃升为国家关键性、基础性战略资源，我国是联合国列为13个贫水国之一，占国土面积1／3的内陆河地区先天性的资源缺陷叠加不合理的利用使得水问题成为内陆河流域经济发展和环境保护的关键性问题。分析了中国典型内陆河——黑河的水、生态、环境问题；指出了传统生产条件下流域水资源利用已经走到尽头，缓解流域水资源矛盾必须提高单方水的效益；概要了“黑河流域水一生态一经济系统试验示范研究”在上游水源涵养区培育、中游节水型绿洲构建、下游生态水利用率提高以及生态经济学研究的部分成果，显示出提高流域水一生态一经济综合效益仍有较大潜力。在流域尺度上认识内陆河地表过程及其演变规律，集成生态技术体系和模式，重视流域尺度的水循环，实现流域尺度的生态水文学实验研究，建立内陆河流域科学基础应为长期努力的方向。

创新点

指出缓解流域水资源矛盾必须提高单方水的效益，应在流域尺度上认识内陆河地表过程及其演变规律，集成生态技术体系和模式。

成果名称

Microclimatic characteristics of the Heihe oasis in the hyperarid zone of China

完成人

Feng Qi , Si Jianhua, Zhang Yanwu, Yao Jiming, Liu Wei and Su Yonghong

完成单位

Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China

发表形式

Journal of Geographical Sciences，Science Press, co-published with Springer-Verlag GmbH，1001-6538 (Print) 1861-9541 (Online)，Volume 16, Number 1 / 2006年1月，DOI 10.1007/s11442-006-0104-4：34-44

主要内容

The microclimate of a desert oasis in hyperarid zone of China was monitored using micrometeorological methods and compared with those of areas adjacent to forested land. Differences in ground-level photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on clear, cloudy and dust storm days and their subtending causes are analysed and discussed. Desert oases serve the ecological functions of altering solar radiation, adjusting near-ground and land surface temperatures, reducing soil temperature differences, lowering wind velocity, and increasing soil and atmospheric humidity. The total solar radiation in the interior of the oasis was roughly half of that outside a forest canopy. During the growing season, air temperatures in Populus euphratica Oliv. (poplar) and Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. (tamarisk) forests were 1.62 °C and 0.83 °C lower respectively than those in the areas around the forests. Furthermore, the taller the forest cover, the greater the temperature drops; air temperatures in the upper storey were greater than those in the lower storey, i.e., air temperature rose with increasing height. Over the growing season, the relative humidities of the air in the poplar and tamarisk forests were 8.5% and 4.2% higher respectively than those in areas around the forests. Mean wind velocity in poplar-forested lands was 0.33 m s⁻¹, 2.31 m s⁻¹ lower than that in the surrounding area. During dust storm days the PAR was significantly lower than that on cloudy or clear days, when it was high and varied in an irregular manner.

创新点

Desert oases serve the ecological functions of altering solar radiation, adjusting near-ground and land surface temperatures, reducing soil temperature differences, lowering wind velocity, and increasing soil and atmospheric humidity.

成果名称

Review of several problems on the study of eco-hydrological processes in arid zones

完成人

Wenzhi Zhao and Guodong Cheng

完成单位

Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, China

State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, China

发表形式

Bulletin of Chinese Science，Science in China Press co-published with Springer-Verlag GmbH，1001-6538 (Print) 1861-9541 (Online)，Volume 47, Number 5 / 2002年3月，DOI 10.1360/02tb9084：353-360

主要内容

Ecosystem degradation is a common and cardinal environmental problem in arid zones. The change in the eco-hydrological processes is the basic cause responsible for such a problem. The study on the eco-hydrological processes in arid zones has become a forefront and focus of the eco-environmental research. Recent studies on eco-hydrological processes in arid zones show that the primary vegetation pattern and its eco-hydrological effect are of the most stable state of the ecosystem in arid zones. Special water absorption ways of plants in arid zones and the hydraulic lift and reverse hydraulic lift functions of some plants are the key mechanisms to maintain the stability of the ecosystem in arid zones. In the case of water shortage, ensuring ecological water requirement and maintaining proper ecological ground-water table are the prerequisite to keep healthful operation of the ecosystem in arid zones. The paper reviews some advances in the study of eco-hydrological processes in arid zones. It puts forward the concepts of critical ecological water requirement, optimal ecological water requirement and saturated ecological water requirement, and discusses their determination methods. It also emphasizes that the studies on natural vegetation pattern and eco-hydrological effect, on plants with hydraulic lift function, on water sources for plant absorption, on ecological water requirement and ecological groundwater table for different plant species should be strengthened to determine the species composition and pattern suitable for the restoration and reestablishment of vegetation in different arid zones in China.

创新点

puts forward the concepts of critical ecological water requirement, optimal ecological water requirement and saturated ecological water requirement, and discusses their determination methods.