实验室2011年度重大成果及研究成果水平和影响

成果名称

Detailed assessment of isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the stable isotope analysis of plant and soil waters.

完成人

Zhao L, Xiao H, Zhou J, Wang L, Cheng G, Zhou M, Yin L, McCabe MF.

完成单位

中国科学院内陆河流域生态水文重点实验室、中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程

发表形式

Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,  Volume 25, Issue 20, pages 3071–3082, 30 October 2011

主要内容

As an alternative to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), the isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS) approach has the advantage of low cost, continuous measurement and the capacity for field-based application for the analysis of the stable isotopes of water. Recent studies have indicated that there are potential issues of organic contamination of the spectral signal in the IRIS method, resulting in incorrect results for leaf samples. To gain a more thorough understanding of the effects of sample type (e.g., leaf, root, stem and soil), sample species, sampling time and climatic condition (dry vs. wet) on water isotope estimates using IRIS, we collected soil samples and plant components from a number of major species at a fine temporal resolution (every 2 h for 24-48 h) across three locations with different climatic conditions in the Heihe River Basin, China. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of the extracted water from these samples were measured using both an IRMS and an IRIS instrument. The results show that the mean discrepancies between the IRMS and IRIS approaches for δ(18) O and δD, respectively, were: -5.6‰ and -75.7‰ for leaf water; -4.0‰ and -23.3‰ for stem water; -3.4‰ and -28.2‰ for root water; -0.5‰ and -6.7‰ for xylem water; -0.06‰ and -0.3‰ for xylem flow; and -0.1‰ and 0.3‰ for soil water. The order of the discrepancy was: leaf > stem ≈ root > xylem > xylem flow ≈ soil. In general, species of the same functional types (e.g., woody vs. herbaceous) within similar habitats showed similar deviations. For different functional types, the differences were large. Sampling at nighttime did not remove the observed deviations.

创新点

开创黑河流域植物和土壤水分同位素研究先河，为我国西部典型内陆河流域水分循环研究等奠定坚实的科学基础

成果名称

Observing and modeling the catchment-scale water cycle

完成人

Xin Li, Xiaowen Li, K. Roth, M. Menenti, and W. Wagner

完成单位

中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所、中国科学院遥感应用研究所等

发表形式

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., Volume 15, Special issue, 2011

主要内容

This special issue will contribute to the understanding of hydrological observation and modeling at the catchment scale. The first theme of this special issue deals with the estimation of evaporation and other water fluxes at point to catchment scales. The second theme discusses a few challenging issues on observing catchment scale water cycles. The third theme, dealing with the relationship between ecology and water cycle, consisted of two papers: one on a relatively small scale and the other on the whole river basin scale. The last theme of this special issue addressed the modeling of catchment hydrology in cold and arid regions.

Currently, we can measure larger-scale hydrological and ecological states and fluxes by taking advantage of new technologies, such as eddy covariance, LAS, distributed temperature measurement, cosmic-ray neutrons, wireless sensor networks. In addition, spatial variations and uncertainties can be captured and quantified. Remote sensing is currently providing revolutionary new methods that are reshaping hydrological observations. Many traditionally unobservable variables such as groundwater and river flow can now be retrieved by remote sensing. However, as stated in Sivapalan et al. (2003), “How can we employ new observational technologies in improved predictive methods?” There are still many challenges that must be overcome.

Modeling is lagging behind new observation techniques. New generation models should take advantage of technical advances, such as remote sensing and distributed ground observations. The modeling strategy needs to shift from spatial explicit to scale-explicit. To do so, data assimilation methods will play a key role. However, how to effectively combine modeling and observation using data assimilation methods is a big challenge that we need to face in the next decade.

Using a well instrumented catchment as a test bed of new ideas for hydrological observing and modeling is essential to advancing catchment hydrology. Catchment scale hydrological experiments should therefore be encouraged. In designing this kind of an experiment capturing multi-scale heterogeneity must be taken into account so that the knowledge obtained can eventually be scaled up to sub-basin and basin scales.

创新点

在中国西北部干旱区第二大内陆河－黑河流域，开创性地应用EC、LAS、无线传感器网络和遥感等大尺度观测手段，开展了流域尺度的水文过程观测与模拟，与此研究相关的18篇科技论文在国际知名杂志HESS上以专刊形式发表。

成果名称

寒旱区网络科普传播

完成人

张耀南、陆妤、张爱芬、张阳、康建芳、赵雪茹、敏玉芳

完成单位

中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所

发表形式

2011年度甘肃省科技进步三等奖

主要内容

寒旱区网络科普天空是利用互联网的信息传播、虚拟体验、虚拟实践、视频讲解等的优势，将寒旱区资源、环境、生态、工程建设等学科研究的问题、成果、过程，转化为图文并茂、动画演示、视频讲解、虚拟体验、虚拟实践的科普内容。根据科普栏目、虚拟体验馆、虚拟实践中心、视频等传播方式的特征，以点状知识、线状知识、面状知识组织科普内容，以网络传授、体验、参与、交互等方式传授给广大受众，让受众了解寒旱区的自然、社会、经济建设中的科学问题，了解科学家是如何思考、假设、求证和解决这些问题的过程，形成寒旱区网络科普传播、共建平台以及科普信息交换的中转站。

寒旱区网络科普天空建立了15个寒旱区相关的科普栏目。主要围绕寒旱区的环境、生态、工程、经济建设等，已经建立了普氏原羚、青藏高原、冰雪、冻土、沙漠、水资源、生态、内陆河、自然灾害、雷电、百家论坛、南北极、穿越青藏、沙漠探险、 雷电实践中心、极限火车等15个栏目。形成了2000个资源展示页面、5000个可使用图片、250个可使用动画、200个可使用视频的共享科普资源。

创新点

项目利用信息技术将寒旱区的科学问题以及研究成果，转化为多种表现形式的科普内容，形成了寒旱区科普资源搜集、制作、发布、传播、管理以及公众参与科普共建的平台及寒旱区科普信息交换的中转站，为广大科普工作者和教育工作者提供了科普资源服务

成果名称

沙地水分动态监测仪

完成人

张小由、赵爱国、赵晶、李宏

完成单位

中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所

发表形式

实用新型专利（CN202159029U）

主要内容

本实用新型涉及一种沙地水分动态监测仪，主机内置有蓄电瓶、充电器，主机的前面板设有显示器、充电灯、充电开关、232口、存储卡、操作按钮、主机开关、工作指示灯；主机后面板设有多路插头座、蓄电瓶插孔和单片机控制板，单片机控制板分别与主机开关连通，蓄电池与单片机控制板连通，多路插头座与探头护套线连通；探头护套线装有水分感湿探头和水分变送器，并与插入多路插头座的多路信号线连接；232口通过USB转232线与笔记本电脑连接。本实用新型采用了太阳能硅电池向蓄电池供电，解决了野外无交流电的情况下工作的难题，使仪器可靠性，抗干扰性得到提高。本仪器路数多，体积小，智能化强，操作简单，提高了工作效率和测量精度。可适用于容易干燥的沙地，主根群区和无灌溉设施的草地和果园地等的水分变化观测

创新点

本实用新型专利针对性地解决了在野外无交流电情况下，易干沙地土壤水分的自动化测量问题

成果名称

直插式渗灌滴管

完成人

杜虎林、杜昊泽

完成单位

中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所

发表形式

实用新型专利（CN201467778U）

主要内容

本实用新型涉及一种直插式渗灌滴管，是由毛管、滴头、微管接头和渗水微管构成。毛管与滴头相连接,滴头下部有接头,微管接头一端与滴头上接头连接，另一端与管壁上有线形缝隙的渗水微管相插接；渗水微管底部带有堵头。渗水微管直接插在土壤中，与地面滴灌的毛管上稳流式滴头相连接，缝隙可以将微管中的水引灌到一定深度的土壤中,直接给植物根系灌溉，并能够起到抑制地面土壤水分蒸发损失、提高灌水效率、降低咸水滴灌造成的地表盐分积累、提高水肥利用率的作用。本实用新型可广泛应用于滴灌工程、植物防沙、园林绿化、生态经济林建设、节水灌溉等工程，并且能够发挥良好的节水效益。

创新点

本实用新型专利针对性地改良了沙质土壤节水灌溉的问题

序号

成果名称

获奖类别

等级

完成人及排序

1

寒旱区网络科普传播

甘肃省科技进步奖

三等

张耀南/1